The Baroque Period Of Music - 719 Words

Unlike the Baroque period of music with its flourish and embellishments, the Classical period of music had a more structured and formal format to its music. Music of this time period, which lasted from 1750 to 1820, is distinguishable by its high-spirited and fast paced style. The most popular forms of music at this time were sonatas, symphonies, and string quartets. Although opera was still immensely enjoyed, it did not maintain the stamina it had gained in the Baroque period. Advances were being made in concertos, pieces where a soloist played the main melody while accompanied by an orchestra, and also gained popularity. Also the piano was being used more and utilized in these concertos as the solo instrument. Two men were leaders in†¦show more content†¦22 in E-flat, Third Movement. This piece demonstrates the classical model of structure and fluidity. The pianist gracefully moves through the pieces with recurring themes playing trills and cadenzas. The second man who def ined the Classical period and also began the Romantic period of music was Ludwig van Beethoven. Born and raised in Solzburg, Germany, Beethoven was also an accomplished musician at a young age. However it was not under the caring supervision that Mozart’s father granted, but the harsh beating of Beethoven’s father who would treat him violently during music lessons after coming home late from a night of drinking at a tavern. Despite this, Beethoven’s passion for music was not diminished and he moved to Vienna at age 22 where after Mozart himself praised Beethoven’s skills as a musician. In Vienna, he became very popular for his emotional works of art. Composing did not come as naturally to Beethoven as he was very self-critical and would spend months dwelling on one piece. Additionally, he was not a very personable man as he was passionate, emotional, and temperamental. These personality traits showed through his music and were only increased when he becam e deaf. But he did not let it inhibit his composing skills. Beethoven’s Symphony No 5, First Movement clearly depicted his frustration at the onset deafness that he had developed. This piece is one of his most famous as it is unpredictable and emotional. Eventually, in 1817, he hadShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ensemble Music During the Baroque Period 640 Words   |  3 PagesBaroque Period (1600-1750) Ensemble Music During the Baroque period, instrumental music was written for every conceivable size of ensemble. On the smaller side, the Baroque sonata offers one of the finest examples of chamber music. Two types of sonata are found during this period: the sonata da chiesa (church sonata), and the sonata da camera (chamber sonata). The sonata da chiesa was more somber, while the sonata da camera was, much like the suite, usually comprised of dance forms. The gigueRead More Compare and contrast the music of the Medieval, Rennaissance, and Baroque periods565 Words   |  3 Pages Music throughout the ages has changed dramatically. Starting in the Medieval period, from 400-1475, music was in the form of what is called the Gregorian chant. Instruments were very rarely used at this time. Since songs during this period were either troubadour or trouvere these chants had no real harmony. One example of this type of medieval composition is â€Å"Viderunt Omnes† by Leoninus. Like most Gregorian ch ants the texture of this piece is monophonic and polyphonic. â€Å"Viderunt Omnes† is a typicalRead MoreComparison/Contrast Renaisssance and Baroque Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe baroque and renaissance periods are two different periods. The renaissance period rolled into the baroque era. There were changes made over the years from the baroque to the renaissance period. Differences in style accumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600)Read MoreEssay on The Baroque Period: Then or Now?1090 Words   |  5 Pagesthis come from? Music plays a central role in our society and our culture and so we must ask ourselves: where did it come from? The Baroque period has had a tremendous impact on modern day music. The Baroque period gave birth to dozens of musical inventions and innovations including an increased reliance on discordance and the institution of 7th chords and inversions. For these reasons and many more, we can agree that the Baroque period has been a strong influence on modern day music and even our livesRead MoreThe History Of Western Music1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Western Music Throughout history all cultures have been influenced by music. Before the Baroque era in music there were many forms of western music. Most of this music was monophonic, sung in chant used mostly for religious purposes. During the previous millennia most music was sung in chant form with very little accompaniment, save a harp or a violin. In these times music was a simple art, sung by the people to praise the Lord. Eventually polyphonic music developed, first startingRead MoreSpiritual Food of the Baroque Period680 Words   |  3 PagesThe baroque period brought forth the most ornamented art of all time. The musical field grew parallel to the fields of painting and sculpture, all three categories experienced a dramatic increase in interest. Consequentially, the sudden flow of finances allowed the musicians to examine, modify, and renew their standards’ and methods. Baroque music quickly developed into a very individual style. During the nearly one hundred and fifty years that the Baroque period lasted the basic style did not changeRead MoreEssay on The Baroque Era904 Words   |  4 PagesThe Baroque Era â€Æ' Baroque music a style of western art music and was composed from approximately 1600s to 1750s. This era took place after the Renaissance era and before the Classical era. The word â€Å"baroque† is derived from the Portuguese barroco, or â€Å"oddly shaped pearl† (â€Å"About†). The term has been used a lot throughout the nineteenth century to describe the period. Some known music familiarities from the era are Pachelbel’s Canon and Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. This era not only connectedRead MoreEssay about The Baroque Period782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Baroque Period The Baroque Period (1600-1750) was mainly a period of newly discovered ideas. From major new innovations in science, to vivid changes in geography, people were exploring more of the world around them. The music of the baroque period was just as extreme as the new changes. Newly recognized composers such as Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, and Monteverdi were writing entirely new musical ideas and giving a chance for new voices to be heard that were normally not thought of soundsRead MoreThe History of Music Styles1362 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of music styles brings to the fore two distinct periods, Baroque and Classical. The purpose of this essay is to provide a comparison between the two musical eras through the exploration of two different composers and their works, namely Antonio Vivaldi and his Four Seasons ‘Spring’ in the maximized Baroque era and the minimalist approaches of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Symphony. Moreover this essay will review the unique socia l, cultural, technological an musical elements of each period to determineRead More Baroque music Essay607 Words   |  3 Pages The Music of the Baroque Era The style of polyphonic music containing elaborate ornamentation and contrasting elements, that is how Baroque music is defined. The Baroque era was a kind of transitional era in art and music. The Renaissance means rebirth and is typically regarded as such. The Baroque era in music is not a set style in music but many diverse styles which may be broken down into at least three distinct periods. A renewed interest in art and music was experienced throughout the Renaissance

The Issue Of Gay Rights - 1505 Words

With the creation of the United States, came many dilemmas throughout the decades that affected everyone within. People at one point pushed to change the country for the better such as abolishing slavery, ending segregation, fighting for the rights of minorities, and granting rights to women. In today’s age the topical hot button is gay rights and if their rights overcome religious rights. The LGBT has been pushing hard for the past few years and has changed the way we think by getting a better understanding of who they are. Recent gains such as same-sex marriage has been a great leap forward in history and shows how acceptance of those who are different from the normal becomes more defined and much more accepting. Despite those gains†¦show more content†¦It has been morally just to give African-Americans rights and protections and now those rights should be applied to people with different sexual orientation. If America is the first to truly accept the people repre sented by LGBT than other countries are sure to follow suit because the U.S. has always led by example. The LGBT is still discriminated against in the common workplace. The community typically faces discrimination in the workplace and â€Å"According to the New York State Division of Human Rights, approximately 5 percent of its complaints were based upon sexual orientation identity discrimination†(Gates). This shows a clear case in which sexuality is a prevalent issue and not something to simply scoff at. A recent case posted by the New York Times shows how some cities are taking measures to make it easier to discriminate same-sex couples because of the religious freedom law which allows religious conservatives to refuse service to same-sex couples. People who are affected by this could be refused employment, housing, and public accommodations (Davey). Unfortunately these people are treated unjustly and need more than just the ability to get married, but to actually be protected from the more pressing issues. A study conducted by Mara Keisling from the National center of transge nder equality found that those that openly identified as transgender experience double the rate of unemployment and 47% claim to have been denied a job, fired, or denied a promotion

Anaemia Free Essays

Abstract Background: Anaemia is common worldwide specially in developing countries where nutrient deficiencies are prevalent. It is a common problem in the outpatient set but it’s always neglected and taken lightly which can cause hyperdynamic circulation disturbances and raise the rate of morbidity and mortality. Aim: To determine the prevalence of microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in medicine emergency room casualty in academy teaching hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Anaemia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was done in the Academy Teaching Hospital in which 75 of the emergency room patients participated in the study. The state of nutrition of the patients was evaluated by a questionnaire answered by the patients. Chapter One Introduction and Literature Review 1. 1 Introduction Anaemia Anaemia is defined as the reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood, which usually stems from a reduction of the total circulating red cell mass to below normal amounts. Blood haemoglobin level is below 13. 5 g/dl in an adult male and below 11. 5 g/dl in an adult female. (1) Classification: Classified according to: 1. Causes: a. Inadequate production of RBC. b. Blood loss anaemia: * Acute: due to acute hemorrhage. * Chronic: due to GIT bleeding, menorrhagia. . Excessive destruction of RBC (haemolysis). 2. Morphology: a. Microcytic: * Iron deficiency. * Thalassemia. * Sideroblastic. b. Microcytic: * Folate deficiency. * B12 deficiency. c. Normocytic: * Aplastic anaemia. * Myelodysplastic anaemia. There are many undiagnosed cases of anaemia that if left undetected can lead to several complications, those include: (2) 1. Infections: people with the anaemia are more susceptible to getting infections from viruses and bacteria. 2. Severe bleeding: if bleeding is severe, internal and excessive then death can ensue if a blood transfusion is not given and the cause of the bleeding is not treated. . Stroke: if haemoglobin is defective, it can damage the walls of the red blood vessels and this can result in narrowing or even blockages in the brain, which can lead to serious, life threatening strokes. (2) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia Microcytic anemia is a blood disorder characterized by small red blood cells (erythrocytes) which have insufficient haemoglobin and hence have a reduced ability to carry oxygen through the body. The red blood cells are small due to a failure of haemoglobin synthesis or insufficient quantities of haemoglobin available. (3) Classification: 1. Iron deficiency anaemia . Sideroblastic anaemia. 3. Thalassemia. Iron deficiency anaemia It’s estimated to be the m ain cause of anaemia affecting about 10% of the population in developed countries and 25-50% in developing countries. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the United States was 2 percent in adult men, but was found to be more common in child-bearing women age. (4) Total body iron content is about 2gm for females, and 6gm for males. Most of the iron within the body is found in hemoglobin within erythrocytes (80%), with the remainder being found in myoglobin and iron containing enzymes. Iron is stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow and skeletal muscle. This iron storage pool contains on average 15-20% of total body iron. (4) Iron is transported in the plasma by an iron binding protein called transferrin. In normal individuals, transferrin is about 33% saturated with iron. Dietary iron is obtained either from inorganic sources or animal sources. Dietary iron enters intestinal cells via specific transporters. The iron is then used by the cell, stored as ferritin or transferred to the plasma. (4) Erythropoiesis is the development process in which new erythrocytes are produced, through which each cell matures in about 7 days. Through this process erythrocytes are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million per second in a healthy adult. The blood’s red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin. The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2. 5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body. (5)(6) Causes: * Poor intake. * Decreased absorption (celiac disease, gastrectomy). * Increased demand in growing adolescents and pregnancy. * Blood loss from GIT due to: * Hookworm infestation. Erosions associated with NSAID, peptic ulcer or neoplastic disease. * Hemorrhoids. * Blood loss from irregular or excessive menstruation. Symptoms and signs (7) Symptoms may include: * Fatigue. * Shortness of breath * Lightheadedness. * Palpitations. * Dizziness. * Chest pain. * Blurred vision. * Sleep disturbance. Signs may include: * Rapid heart rate. * Low blood pressure. * Rap id breathing. * Pale conjunctiva. * Cold skin. * Enlargement of the spleen. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia: * Complete blood count and color: with iron deficiency anaemia red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. Hematocrit: This is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells. Normal levels are generally 41% for adult women and 47% for adult men. These values may change depending on your age. * Haemoglobin: Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia (12-16 g/dl in an adult male and 13. 7-17. 5 g/dl in an adult female). * Ferritin: This protein helps store iron in your body, and a low level of ferritin usually indicates a low level of stored iron. Some tests might be done to detect the underlying cause, like: * Endoscopy: Often to check for bleeding from a hiatal hernia, an ulcer or the stomach. Colonoscopy: To rule out lower intestinal sources of bleeding. * Ultrasound: Women may also have a pelvic ultrasound to look for the cause of ex cess menstrual bleeding, such as uterine fibroids. (8)(9) Sideroblastic anaemia It is a disease in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). [10] In Sideroblastic anemia, the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin, which red blood cells need to transport oxygen efficiently. Sideroblasts are atypical, abnormal nucleated erythroblasts (precursors to mature red blood cells) with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria. [11] Sideroblasts are seen in aspirates of bone marrow. Causes: * Failure to completely form heme molecules, This leads to deposits of iron in the mitochondria that form a ring around the nucleus of the developing red blood cell. * Toxins: lead, copper or zinc poisoning * Drug-induced: ethanol, isoniazid, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, Oral Contraceptives * Nutritional: pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) or copper deficiency * Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple myeloma Genetic: ALA synthase deficiency (X-linked, associated with ALAS2)[12] Symptoms and signs: * Pale skin, eyelids and lips. * Fatigue and weakness. * Dizziness. * Enlarged liver and/or spleen. Diagnosis: Ringed sideroblasts are seen in the bone marrow. Laboratory findings: * Increased ferritin levels * Normal total iron-binding capacity * Hematocrit of about 20-30% * Serum Iron: High * High transferrin saturation * The mean corpuscular volume or MCV is usually normal or low. * With lead poisoning, see coarse basophilic stippling of red blood cells on peripheral blood smear * Specific test: Prussian Blue stain of RBC in marrow. Shows ringed sideroblasts. * can also cause microcytic hypochromic anemia. (12) Thalassemia It is a group of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders that originated in the Mediterranean region. In Thalassemia the genetic defect, which could be either mutation or deletion, results in reduced rate of synthesis, or no synthesis of one of the globins chains that make up hemoglobin. This can cause the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, thus causing anemia, the characteristic presenting symptom of the Thalassemia. (13) Symptoms and signs: * Fatigue and weakness. * Shortness of breath. * Pale appearance. Irritability. * Yellow discoloration of the skin. * Facial bone deformities. * Slow growth. * Abdominal swelling. * Dark urine. (14) Diagnosis: * Blood tests. * Prenatal screening. (14) Laboratory findings: * A low level of red blood cells * Smaller than expected red blood cells * Pale red blood cells * Red blood cells that are varied in size and shape * Red blood cells with uneven hemoglobin distribution, which gives the cells a bull’s-eye appearance under the microscope. (14) 1. 2 Literature Review A study was done in Italy about prevalence and incidence and types of mild anaemia in the elderly. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and incidence of mild grade anemia and to assess the frequency of anemia types in the elderly. Design and Methods: This was a prospective, population-based study in all residents 65 years or older in Biella, Italy. Results: Blood test results were available for analysis from 8,744 elderly. Hemoglobin concentration decreased and mild anemia increased steadily with increasing age. Mild anemia (defined as a hemoglobin concentration of 10. 0-11. 9 g/dL in women and 10. 0-12. 9 g/dL in men) affected 11. % of the elderly included in the analysis, while the estimated prevalence in the entire population was 11. 1%. Before hemoglobin determination, most mildly anemic individuals perceived themselves as non-anemic. Chronic disease anemia, Thalassemia trait, and renal insufficiency were the most frequent types of mild anemia. (15) A study was done in emergency ward, Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Anaemia is a common problem in Africa, with prevalence ranging from 21. 1% to 64. 4% 16-21 and a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. 22,23 in patients with AIDS low haemoglobin levels are associated with poor outcomes. 4-27 However, anaemia in Africa has multiple causes, with infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria contributing significantly to the anaemia burden. 28 Hookworm is a major contributor to anaemia and even light hookworm loads are associated with low haemoglobin levels, 29-33 although Lewis et al. reported that hookworm was not a common cause of anaemia among medical patients in Malawi. In a cross-sectional descriptive study 395 patients were recruited by systematic random sampling and their socio-demographic characteristics and clinical details collected. A complete blood count and peripheral film examination were done and stool examined for hookworm ova.. Of the patients 255 (64. 6%) had anaemia. The prevalence was higher among males (65. 8%) than females (63. 7%). Fatigue (odds ratio (OR) 2. 1, confidence interval (CI) 1. 37 – 3. 24), dizziness (OR 1. 64, CI 1. 07 – 2. 44), previous blood transfusion (OR 2. 83, CI 1. 32 – 6. 06), lymphadenopathy (OR 2. 99, CI 1. 34 – 6. 66) and splenomegaly (OR 5. 22, CI 1. 78 – 15. 28) were significantly associated with anaemia. Splenomegaly, low body mass index (BMI) (19) and being HIV positive were independently associated with anaemia. The commonest type of anaemia was Hypochromic microcytic (34. 1%). Only 10. 6% of anemic patients had hookworm infestation. (34) A study was done in north Vietnam was proposed to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia and associated risk factors in a community-based sample of women living in a rural province of northwest Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey, comprised of written questionnaires and laboratory analysis of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, transferrin receptor, and stool hookworm egg count, was undertaken, and the soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index was calculated. Of 349 non-pregnant women, 37. 3% were anemic (Hb 12 g/dL), and 23. 10% were iron deficient (ferritin 15 ng/L). Hookworm infection was present in 78. 15% of women, although heavy infection was uncommon (6. 29%). Iron deficiency was more prevalent in anemic than non-anemic women (38. 21% versus 14. 08%, P 0. 001). Consumption of meat at least three times a week was more common in non-anemic w omen (51. 15% versus 66. 67%, P = 0. 042). Mean ferritin was lower in anemic women (18. 99 versus 35. 66 ng/mL, P 0. 001). There was no evidence of a difference in prevalence (15. 20% versus 17. 23%, P = 0. 629) or intensity (171. 7 versus 129. 93 eggs/g, P = 0. 412) of hookworm infection between anemic and non-anemic women. (35) In the United States a study was done to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the US population. A total of 24 894 persons aged 1 year and older examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Iron deficiency, defined as having an abnormal value for at least 2 of 3 laboratory tests of iron status (erythrocyte protoporphyrin, transferrin saturation, or serum ferritin); and iron deficiency anemia, defined as iron deficiency plus low hemoglobin. Nine percent of toddlers aged 1 to 2 years and 9% to 11% of adolescent girls and women of childbearing age were iron deficient; of these, iron deficiency anemia was found in 3% and 2% to 5%, respectively. These prevalences correspond to approximately 700000 toddlers and 7. 8 million women with iron deficiency; of these, approximately 240 000 toddlers and 3. 3 million women have iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency occurred in no more than 7% of older children or those older than 50 years, and in no more than 1% of teenage boys and young men. Among women of childbearing age, iron deficiency was more likely in those who are minority, low income, and multiparous. (36) Chapter Two Justification * Anaemia is common worldwide specially in developing countries where nutrient deficiencies are prevalent. * Nutritional iron deficiency anaemia is difficult to control in Sudan due to poor socio-economic status and this leads to the progression of it. * Anaemia is a common problem in the outpatient set but it’s always neglected and taken lightly. * Undetected anaemia can cause hyperdynamic circulation disturbances and raise the rate of morbidity and mortality. Chapter Three Objectives: General: * To determine the prevalence of anaemia in medicine emergency room (ER) casualty in academy teaching hospital. Specific: * To determine the prevalence of microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in medicine emergency room casualty in academy teaching hospital. * To determine the greatest age group of the sample size that presents at the medicine emergency room. * To determine the number of meals per day in relation to the anaemia. * To determine the greatest gender risk group for the microcytic Hypochromic anaemia. Chapter Four Methodology 4. 1 Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. 4. 2 Study Period: The study was conducted in a period from the first of October till the end of December. 4. 3 Study Area: The study was done in the emergency room of the Academy Teaching Hospital located in Al-sahafa East. 4. 4 Study Population: Patients present at the medicine emergency room of the Academy Teaching Hospital were included in the study during the study period 2011-2012. Patients present at the outpatient were excluded. 4. 5 Variables: Background variables: * Type of the anemia. * Gender in relation to the anaemia. Causes in relation to the anaemia. * Age in relation to the anaemia. 4. 6 Sampling Technique: Simple random sampling of 75 patients was done based on: * Age between 16-45 years. * Negative previous history of anaemia. * No history of blood disorder. * No pregnancy. 4. 7 Sample Size: All patients were willing to participate. A total of 75 patients participated in the study. 4. 8 Data collection Techniques and Tools: * a questionnaire including demographic data, symptoms, medical history, physical examination and nutritional status is given to each patient to be filled by him/her or an assistant. On enrolment of patients into the emergency room, 3 ml of peripheral blood will be collected in plastic container. * Blood samples will be sent to the lab for screening of anemia and its specific morphology using complete blood count test and platelet count. 4. 9 Data management and Analysis: To analyze the collected data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS research software) will be used. Used to calculate the prevalence of anemia, through a pre-coded system. 4. 10 Ethical Consideration: * Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ethical committee at the University of Medical Sciences Technology. Verbal consent was taken from individuals under the study. * The information used in this study is confidential and only used for the purpose of this research. Chapter Five Recommendation 1. Mandatory screening of blood for anaemia and microcytic Hypochromic anaemia. 2. Investigation for the causes of anaemia and follow up. 3. Iron supplements under doctor’s prescription are recommended for patients with less than three meals per day. 4. Education and spreading of awareness about the important sources of iron and harmful sides of soft drinks, tea and coffee. Chapter Nine References: 1. Mohammad Inam Danish. Medical diagnosis and management. Karachi institute of heart diseases, 2010. 2. Sited: http://www. vitalhealthzone. com/health/conditions/a/anaemia/06_complications_of_anaemia. html 3. Sited: http://www. websters-online-dictionary. org/definitions/microcytic+anemia 4. Vinay Kummar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto. Basic pathology. 8th edition, 2007. 5. Laura Dean. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 2005. 6. Kabanova S, Kleinbongard P, Volkmer J, Andree B, Kelm M, Jax TW . Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells. International Journal of Medical Sciences 6, 2009 (4): 156–9. 7. Sited: http://www. emedicinehealth. com/anemia/page3_em. htm 8. Marks PW. Anemia. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Mayo Clinic, 2011 January 6. 9. Rochester, Minn. Laboratory reference values. Hematology group. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2011 January. 10. Sideroblastic Anemias: Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition 11. â€Å"Sideroblast† at Dorland’s Medical Dictionary 12. Aivado M, Gattermann N, Rong A, et al. X-linked sideroblastic anemia associated with a novel ALAS2 mutation and unfortunate skewed X-chromosome inactivation patterns. Blood Cells Mo, 2006. Dis. 37 (1): 40–5 13. Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias. 14. .mayo clinic staff, thalassemia. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). , 1998-2012. 15. Mauro Tettamanti, Ugo Lucca, Francesca Gandini. Prevalence, incidence and types of mild anemia in the elderly. Haematol, 2010 November 1. 16. Adam I, Khamis AH, Elbashir MI. Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99(10): 739-743. 7. Asobayire FS, Adou P, Davidsson L, Cook JD, Hurrell RF. Prevalence of iron deficiency with and without concurrent anemia in population groups with high prevalences of malaria and other infections: a study in Cote d’Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74(6): 776-782. 18. Charlton KE, Kruger M, Labadarios D, Wolmarans P, Aronson I. Iron, folate and vitamin B12 status of an elderly South African population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51(7): 424-430. 19. Dicko A, Mantel C, Thera MA, et al. Risk factors for malaria infection and anemia for pregnant women in the Sahel area of Bandiagara, Mali. Acta Trop 2003; 89(1): 17-23. 0. Leenstra T, Kariuki SK, Kurtis JD, Oloo AJ, Kager PA, ter Kuile FO. Prevalence and severity of anemia and iron deficiency: cross-sectional studies in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58(4): 681-891. 21. Sserunjogi L, Scheutz F, Whyte SR. Postnatal anaemia: neglected problems and missed opportunities in Uganda. Health Policy Plan 2003; 18(2): 225-231. 22. Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Tonelli M, Klarenbach S, Hemmelgarn BR. Impact of anemia on hospitalization and mortality in older adults. Blood 2006; 107(10): 3841-3846. 23. Ma JZ, Ebben J, Xia H, Collins AJ. Hematocrit level and associated mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10(3): 610-619. 24. Elliott AM, Halwiindi B, Hayes RJ, et al. The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on mortality of patients treated for tuberculosis in a cohort study in Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89(1): 78-82. 25. . Moore RD. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, anemia, and survival. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29(1): 44-49. 26. O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Saathoff E, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40(2): 219-225. 27. Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Chu SY, Jones JL, Ward JW. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of HIV disease surveillance project. Blood 1998; 91(1): 301-308. 28. Morris CD, Bird AR, Nell H. The haematological and biochemical changes in severe pulmonary tuberculosis. Q J Med 1989; 73(272): 1151-1159. 29. Akhwale WS, Lum JK, Kaneko A, et al. Anemia and malaria at different altitudes in the western highlands of Kenya. Acta Trop 2004; 91(2): 167-175. 0. Bates I, McKew S, Sarkinfada F. Anaemia: a useful indicator of neglected disease burden and control. PLoS Med 2007; 4(8): e231. 31. Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, et al. Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996; 55(4): 399-404. 32. Sturrock RF. Hookworm studies in Uganda: investigations at Teboke i n Lango District. East Afr Med J 1966; 43(10): 430-438. 33. Tatala S, Svanberg U, Mduma B. Low dietary iron availability is a major cause of anemia: a nutrition survey in the Lindi District of Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998; 68(1): 171-178. 34. Japheth E Mukaya, Henry Ddungu, Francis Ssali, Tim O’Shea, Mark A Crowther. Prevalence and morphological types of anaemia and hookworm infestation in the medical emergency ward. SAMJ, S. Afr. med. J, 2009 December vol. 99 no. 12 Cape Town, 35. Sant- Rayn Pasricha, Sonia R. Caruana, Tran Q. Phuc, Gerard J. Casey, Damien Jolley. Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Meat Consumption, and Hookworm Infection in Women of Reproductive Age in Northwest Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2008 March vol. 78 no. 3 375-381. 36. Anne C. Looker, Peter R. Dallman, Margaret D. Carroll, Elaine W. Gunter, Clifford L. Johnson. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in the United States. JAMA, 1997;277(12):973-976. Chapter Ten Appendix 10. 1. Questionnaire: Nutritional status: Prevalence of microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in medicine emergency room in Academy Teaching hospital : / /2011?. :______ : _____ : ________ : ________________ : ___________ : ___________________________ —————————————————————————— 1. _____________________________________. 2. ____________________________________________________________________________________. 3. ____________________________________. 4. __________________________________. ——————————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ . * . _____________ * . ______________ * . ______________ * . ______________ * ( , ) ___________ * . _____________ * . _____________ * . _____________ * . _____________ * . _____________ _________________________. , . | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ( , , )| | | | | ( , , , ). | | | | | ( , , , , )| | | | | , , )| | | | | | | | | | ( , )| | | | | | | | | | , ___________________________________________________________________________________. —————————————————————————- : : ____. _____. : ____. _____. ____. _____. _______________________. ______________________. ____. _____. __________________________. : ______. _____. , __________. , ___________. ___________________. ____. ______. ______________________. __________________. , ________________________________________. , _______________________________________. 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